throw: is general and interchangeable with the other terms but may specifically imply a distinctive propelling motion with the arm: ~s the ball with great accuracy.


cast: usually implies lightness in the thing thrown and sometimes a scattering: ~ bread crumbs to the birds.


toss: suggests a light or careless or aimless throwing and may imply an upward motion: ~ed her racket on the bed.


fling: stresses a vigorous throwing with slight aim or control: ~ the ring back in his face.       过去式和过去分词都是flung


hurl: implies a powerful and forceful driving as in throwing a massive weight: ~ed the intruder out the window.       (to hurl abuse/threat at固定搭配辱骂/威胁某人)


pitch: suggests a throwing carefully at a target: ~ horseshoes; or lightness and casualness: ~ trash in the basket.   （to pitch horseshoes:掷马蹄铁游戏）


sling: suggests propelling with a sweeping, swinging motion, usually with force and suddenness: ~ the bag over his shoulder.     过去式和过去分词都是slung （sweep挥动his arm swept around the room他伸出手臂在房间四处挥舞）   (swing规则来回运动: 来回或前后运动regular movement to and fro, back and forth: 例如swing the rope back and forth前后摆绳)


throw扔出: 泛指，可代替其它词，或特指用胳膊扔（而不是只用手），cast扔出: 表示扔出的东西轻，被扩散开(scattering)，toss抛: 向上的轻轻或随意的扔，fling用力扔: 强调用力扔出，几乎不控制瞄准目标，hurl也是用力扔: 强有力的扔，如重物，pitch: 可表示小心的扔，或表示轻轻的或随意的扔，sling抛扔弹弓吊带吊挎: 挥动抛扔，形成弧线(sweep,swing)形轨迹


记忆方法: 1）首字母TCTFHPS重组成Chao Hai Fa She Tong Tie Pao朝海发射铜铁炮<==扔出炮弹

         2）扔出的意思是通过推力使快速移动mean to cause to move swiftly through space by a propulsive movement or propelling force.首字母TCTFHPS重组成Chao Hai Fa She Tong Tie Pao朝海发射铜铁炮<==扔出炮弹